Heart and Blood: Tests

Hematology or Quantitative Canine Blood Tests:

Clinical hematology or quantitative canine blood tests involve the study of blood morphology, which is the number of cellular contents in blood. This involves the examination of different cells in the blood such as the erythrocytes (RBC), leukocytes (WBC - white blood cells) or thrombocytes (Platelets). This helps in the diagnosis and monitoring of different diseases. The following is an overview of different cellular examinations:

Canine Blood Tests detect problems in the blood such as this sample which contains a parasite (Babesia canis). Test was conducted on dog suffering from fever and anemia.
Source: Washington State University

Red Blood Cells (RBC – Erythrocytes):

Red blood cells are examined for packed cell volume (PCV), the proportion of RBC (red blood cells) in whole blood, Hemoglobin (Hgb) concentration, and RBC count. All of these estimates seem similar but have a different impact on the diagnostic approach to different conditions; collectively these assessments are based upon morphology and number of RBC's in whole blood.

RBC evaluation in whole blood for morphology may refer to different studies, which are indicated by specific terminology such as,

• Size; Cells with normal size are termed “Normocytes”, and abnormally large or small cells are referred as “Macrocytes” or “Microcytes” respectively.
• Color; Normochromic refers to normal cells while “Polychromasia” refers to any variation in cellular color.

Consistency of RBC is also evaluated on the basis of its color, e.g. “Reticulocytes” are large, bluish cells, which have remnants or a malformation of the nucleas in it. Similarly, “Annulocytes” are those cells, which are pale and have very low levels of hemoglobin in it.

In terms of the number of red blood cells (RBC), packed cell volume or (PCV) is used, this include complete counting of all contents related to red blood cells. PCV is most commonly performed in evaluating different forms of anemia, polycythemia etc.

White Blood Cells (WBC – Leukocytes):

White blood cells are classified as granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils) and agranulocytes (monocytes and lymphocytes). WBC count and evaluation is usually required to assess the immune status of a dog, for disease such as leukemia, food borne diseases, drug reactions, cancer, parasitic infestations, allergies, inflammation, and infections. Different types of WBC, either granulocytes or agranulocytes are counted and evaluated in different conditions, depending upon the results of basic canine blood tests performed in a laboratory.

Platelets (Thrombocytes):

In mammals, platelets are pale, blue and granular bodies that help in maintaining the integrity of the endothelium (epithelial cells line the serous cavities, lymph vessels, and blood vessels), and facilitate the clotting and repair procedure. These are evaluated either for any increase in numbers, e.g. triggered by injuries, trauma and prior to surgery, or are evaluated for their decrease in number, e.g. in autoimmune reactions and blood disorders.

The Following table shows normal values for different cellular contents in canine blood:

Hematological Study	Normal Value
RBC – Red Blood Cell Count	5.5 – 8.5 X 100,000 /uL
WBC – White Blood Cell Count	6.0 – 17 1000/uL
PCV or Hematocrit	37 – 55%
Hemoglobin (Hgb)	120 – 180g/L
Reticulocytes	0 – 1.5%
Lymphocytes	1.0 – 4.8 X 1000/uL
Monocytes	0.15 – 1.35 X 1000/uL
Eosinophils	0.01 – 1.25 X 1000/uL
Platelets	2 – 9 X 100,000/uL

Blood Chemistry or Qualitative Canine Blood Tests:

Blood chemistry or the qualitative evaluation of canine blood is a detailed study of blood plasma for different substances such as hormones, enzymes, substrates etc. Qualitative canine blood tests are usually not possible without a complete hematological profile. Therefore, canine blood chemistry is an advanced form of hematology which is used for advanced studies and confirmatory approaches. 

These studies are not only performed to assess the serum or plasma, but also for the association of different systemic diseases with the findings, which can be evaluated during the diagnosis process such as diseases of the pancreas, liver, kidney and spleen.

The following table shows normal values for different biochemical parts of the blood:

Biochemical Study	Normal Value
pH	7.32 – 7.42
Glucose	67 – 125 mg/dL
Bilirubin	0.0 – 0.4 mg/dL
Total Proteins	5.2 – 7.8 gm/dL
ALT	15 – 84 U/L
Phosphorus	2.6 – 6.8 mg/dL
Sodium	140 – 153 mmol/L
Chloride	106 – 118 mmol/L
Magnesium	1.5 – 2.7mg/dL
Lipase	200 – 700 U/L
T4	1.0 – 4.7 ug/dL
Urea (Nitrogen)	9 – 27mg/dL